
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}  \cmidrule(lr){7-11}
                                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)           & (9)           & (10)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.952$^{***}$ & 0.707$^{***}$ & 0.718$^{***}$ & 0.891$^{***}$ & -0.112        & 0.113$^{***}$ & 0.073$^{***}$ & 0.073$^{***}$ & 0.054$^{***}$ & 0.020\\   
                                               & (0.174)       & (0.136)       & (0.139)       & (0.145)       & (0.152)       & (0.030)       & (0.023)       & (0.023)       & (0.015)       & (0.027)\\   
   Population                                  &               & 3.723$^{***}$ & 3.742$^{***}$ & 3.749$^{***}$ & 3.685$^{***}$ &               & 0.617$^{***}$ & 0.624$^{***}$ & 0.729$^{***}$ & 0.727$^{***}$\\   
                                               &               & (0.597)       & (0.609)       & (0.626)       & (0.597)       &               & (0.107)       & (0.108)       & (0.099)       & (0.099)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 1.246$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.043\\   
                                               &               &               &               &               & (0.254)       &               &               &               &               & (0.027)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.615$^{***}$ & 0.429$^{***}$ & 0.435$^{***}$ & 0.517$^{***}$ & -0.026        & 0.065$^{***}$ & 0.037         & 0.036         & 0.033$^{*}$   & -0.004\\   
                                                         & (0.132)       & (0.149)       & (0.152)       & (0.115)       & (0.129)       & (0.018)       & (0.022)       & (0.022)       & (0.018)       & (0.032)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 0.700$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.048\\   
                                                         &               &               &               &               & (0.215)       &               &               &               &               & (0.058)\\   
   Predicted population                                  &               & 3.140$^{***}$ & 3.157$^{***}$ & 1.162         & 0.960         &               & 0.479$^{***}$ & 0.485$^{***}$ & 0.126         & 0.112\\   
                                                         &               & (0.947)       & (0.971)       & (0.927)       & (0.971)       &               & (0.156)       & (0.159)       & (0.263)       & (0.278)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 1.177$^{***}$ & 1.052$^{***}$ & 1.066$^{***}$ & 1.126$^{***}$ & -0.119        & 0.124$^{***}$ & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.075$^{***}$ & -0.013\\   
                                               & (0.210)       & (0.200)       & (0.204)       & (0.188)       & (0.302)       & (0.033)       & (0.030)       & (0.030)       & (0.025)       & (0.076)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 1.471$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.103\\   
                                               &               &               &               &               & (0.420)       &               &               &               &               & (0.110)\\   
   Population                                  &               & 3.077$^{***}$ & 3.090$^{***}$ & 1.728         & 1.488         &               & 0.476$^{***}$ & 0.483$^{***}$ & 0.188         & 0.171\\   
                                               &               & (0.564)       & (0.580)       & (1.465)       & (1.509)       &               & (0.102)       & (0.104)       & (0.403)       & (0.420)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat        & 215           & 284; 43       & 275; 40       & 245; 358      & 262; 64; 439  & 215           & 284; 43       & 275; 40       & 245; 358      & 262; 64; 439\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Genetic distance weighted \\ surname diversity}} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}  \cmidrule(lr){7-11}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.522$^{***}$ & 0.515$^{***}$ & 0.515$^{***}$ & 0.485$^{***}$ & 0.463$^{***}$ &  & -0.037$^{**}$ & -0.037$^{**}$ & -0.017$^{***}$ & -0.003         \\
                                                         & (0.040)       & (0.041)       & (0.041)       & (0.038)       & (0.063)       &  & (0.014)       & (0.014)       & (0.004)        & (0.005)        \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 0.029         &  &               &               &                & -0.018$^{***}$ \\
                                                         &               &               &               &               & (0.059)       &  &               &               &                & (0.005)        \\
   Predicted population                                  &               & 0.124$^{***}$ & 0.124$^{***}$ & 0.006         & -0.003        &  & 0.978$^{***}$ & 0.979$^{***}$ & 0.669$^{***}$  & 0.674$^{***}$  \\
                                                         &               & (0.036)       & (0.037)       & (0.064)       & (0.058)       &  & (0.139)       & (0.142)       & (0.050)        & (0.050)        \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{Surname diversity}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity &  &  &  &  & 0.023         &  &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.020)       &  &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &  &  &  &  & 0.497$^{***}$ &  &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.059)       &  &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population                                  &  &  &  &  & -0.030        &  &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.059)       &  &  &  &  &  \\
\\
   County-Surname fixed effects                & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects                  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects                &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends                     &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


